GUIDELINES FOR INSTALLING TRANSFORMERS

GTRANSFORM INSTALLATION UIDELINES

When your transformer arrives on site, various procedures must be performed to ensure effective operation. The efficiency of the transformer depends on the correct installation as well as on the design and production quality. The instructions stated in the manufacturer's manual or in the Standard will be followed to ensure adequate safety for personnel and tools. This section will provide general guidelines for installing and testing both dry and liquid-filled transformers for installation.

Typical transformer tests for each unit include the following:

· Estimation, of voltage relation;

• Polarity of single and 3 phase units (because transformers in single phase are sometimes present

connected in parallel and sometimes in a 3-phase bank);

• 3-phase unit relationships (important if there are two or more transformers

working in tandem);

• Excitation current, which is related to efficiency and ensures that the contextual design is accurate;

• No-load core loss, which is also related to efficiency and optimal content design;

• Resistance, in calculating the rotating temperature

• Impedance (by checking the short circuit), which provides the information needed for the breaker

and / or integrate measurement and disruption measurement and coordination of transfer schemes;

• Loss of load, which is also directly related to the efficiency of the transformer;

• Regulation, which stipulates the reduction of electricity when loading; and

• Used and attracted energy, which ensures dielectric strength.

There are additional tests that may work, depending on how and where the transformer will be used. Additional tests that may be performed include the following:

• Impulse (where lightning and power fluctuations are common);

• Noise (important for applications in residential and office areas and can be used as

comparisons with future sound tests to identify any underlying problems);

• Increased coil temperature, which helps to ensure that design limits are not exceeded;

• Corona of medium (MV) and high-voltage (HV) units, which helps determine

the insulation system is efficient;

• Resistance to insulation installation (meg-ohmmeter test), which determines the drying of the installation and

it is usually done after childbirth to serve as a benchmark against the future

reading; and

• The embossing force, which is applied to the first installation and every few years thereafter

to help determine the aging process of insulation.

Site considerations

When planning an installation, a location is selected, which corresponds to all current security codes

does not interfere with the normal movement of employees, equipment, and materials. Location

should not expose the transformer to potential damage from cranes, trucks, or moving objects.

Initial test for the receiver of the transformer If received, the transformer should be inspected for damage during shipment. The inspection must be done before removing it from the train or truck, and, if there is any apparent damage or misconduct, the claim must be lodged with the carrier immediately and the manufacturer informed. Later, the covers or panels should be removed and the internal inspection should be done for damage or removal of parts, loose or broken connections, dirt or foreign material, and the presence of water or moisture. When the transformer is moved or when available

stored before installation, this test should be repeated before placing the transformer in service.

Plan to prevent contamination

Create a process to develop all the tools, hardware, and any other tools used in

test, assembly, and transformer testing. A test sheet should be used to record everything

items, and verification should be done so that these items are properly calculated

completion of work.

Creating active links

A connection will be made, between the transformer terminals and the incoming one

outgoing conductors, carefully following the instructions given on the nameplate or

communication diagram. Check every tap jumper for proper positioning and durability. Re-tighten

all bolts hold the cable after the first 30 days of service. Before the connection works do

assurance that all safety measures have been taken. Adequate support systems will be put in place

inlet / outlet connecting cables, so that no machine pressure is applied

transformer bushings and connections. Such stress can cause a tree to crack or a

connection fails.

Noise control

All transformers, once powerful, produce an audible sound. Although there are no moving parts

in a transformer, the spine produces sound. In the presence of a magnetic field, the core

side laminations and contract. This occasional mechanical movement creates noise

120 Hz basic vibration frequency and harmonic harmony output of this key.

The location of the transformer is directly related to the volume of its sound. Because

for example, if the transformer is installed in a quiet hallway, clear hum will be recognized. If the unit

installed in the area shared with other equipment such as motors, pumps, or compressors,

transformer hum will not be detected. Some applications require reduced volume, such as

a large unit in a commercial building with people working near it. Occasionally, installation

some form of noise reduction will be required.

Make sure the transformer is low

Laying is required to remove any standing stagnant charges and is needed as a protection if the transformer windows accidentally come in contact with the context or enclosure (or tank of wet types). Note that in MV transformers, secondary neutrality is sometimes based on restriction. Make sure all basic or integration plans meet the NEC and local codes.

What is the reason for choosing frequency 50 or 60 hz not more than this

The choice of high power frequency depends on three factors; two that change over time and one that does not change:

A specific application.

Technology.

Basic laws of physics.

Let's start with # 3. The efficiency of telephone transmission decreases with increasing volume for two main reasons:

The skin effects force the AC currents to the top of the conductor.

Cables emit energy efficiently in high frequency waves. This is good for building antennas, not so good for building a transmission line.

So from a basic physics point of view, the frequency of the appropriate AC power line is zero Hz, that is, DC.

DC also has a peak-to-RMS volume ratio of 1: 1. Since the electrical insulation must withstand its high voltage, DC uses insulation insulation more effectively than AC. (Yes, the square-wave AC also has a voltage ratio of 1: 1 up to RMS, but this includes carrying an infinite number of harmonics - which re-introduces the recently reported disadvantages of high frequencies.)

Now why has DC not become a standard despite basic physics? As a result of considerations # 1 and # 2. The advantages of high power efficiency and (comparatively) low current transmission apply to both AC and DC, but during the Current War between Edison's DC and Westinghouse's AC there was no active DC transformer. So AC won automatically.

But what is the frequency of AC? It's too low, and the lights will flash. (Without DC, of ​​course, but that was not an option without an active transformer.) High frequency transformers are also lighter and smaller than the low frequency AC transformer with the same power, which is why the unusually high frequency of 400 Hz became standard in aviation. Aircraft are also much smaller than the earth's power grid, so transmission losses are not a major problem.

Large electric motors work very well at low AC frequencies, especially the “AC / DC” brush type which has long been used in power grids (railways) due to the need for continuous speed variation. Many power lines live in low frequencies for this reason, e.g., 25 Hz of the Southern Northeast Corridor in the US and 16 2/3 Hz in most of central Europe. DC is even better, and many urban trains (e.g., subways and trams) use it, but also the benefits of high power AC wins when significant distances are involved.

But 50 and 60 Hz were both logical issues for many users for general purposes, which is why they became international standards. Why not one? Because one was as good as the other, and there was no real reason to throw away so many wonderful things that could last so long.

If we could do it again and again from the beginning with modern technology, the strongest case could be made that power systems could and should be completely DC. Thanks to the high power of semiconductor electronics, we now have an effective “DC transformer”. In fact, they “cut” the DC into AC at a very high frequency so that it can be lowered up or down by a transformer (very small and light), and then quickly converted back to DC at a new voltage.

This has already been done for decades on some long-distance transmission lines, especially those that carry very high distances for long distances, below sea level or below.

The same electronics make it possible to drive a simple and powerful AC import engine at any speed you want from a power source at any frequency, including DC. This technology is the basis of modern electric and hybrid vehicles, and it has taken over the railways.

And as the incandescent lamp is quickly replaced by CFL and now LED lights, both of which use electricity, DC is also natural - though it can also easily adapt to any AC supply.

Wave Trap

lighting and Protection

ELECTRICAL SAFETY

Electric shock:

It can be described as a sudden and dangerous movement of the nervous system with electrical energy.

ELECTRICAL SHOCK YOU CAN FEEL AS A FOLLOWING: When the body becomes part of the circuit and the current flows in one place and then exits another point; possible -

With both wires of the electrical circuit

With a single wire of a strong circle and ground

 With a piece of metal that has heated itself by touching a strong wire.

Electric shock:

The magnitude of the electrical shock depends on -

The level of energy flow in the body.

The current approach to the body.

The length of time the body is in the ring.

Current frequency.

The stage of the heart cycle when shock occurs.

The physical and mental state of a person

HUMAN RESISTANCE:

REASONS FOR ELECTRICAL SHOCK:

Touching an empty live driver

Touching the improperly installed driver

Open / short circuit due to resource failure

Dry electricity

Lightning

The touch body of the live machine.

EARTH LEAKAGE CIRCUIT BREAKER (ELCB)

The Indian Electricity Regulations 1956 were amended in 1985 to include the use of the ELCB mandatory requirement of more than 5 KW of electrical load to accommodate power leaks that may cause shock.

 The key features of this ELCB are

It is currently in operation

It applies to the principle of core balance current transformer

It works even if it fails moderately.

Travel within 30 million seconds.

Free travel route - i.e. during the reset error is impossible and the trip even if forced to be held in the "ON" area.

Occupational health - more than 20,000 jobs to 63 A and more than 10,000 jobs for 80 A & 1OOAmps.

10 KA short circuit resistance. - Available up to 100A, 2 pole & 4 pole for sensitivity from 30 milli amps onwards. (100 A & 300 A sensitive materials are also available according to need.)

Voltage or current which is more dangerous

The difference between electricity and current is confusing for many people who do not have a background in electrical science / engineering. How many times have we heard the phrase “touch the cable with x volts running”, which discourages electrical engineers.

To understand the difference, consider water. The water itself is like an electric charger, which always does nothing but, if you lift it up to the top, it gets a potent power and wants to flow down; voltage is often referred to as power for a reason. You will only get a flow if you have a difference (possible), in other words a voltage, between a high water tank AND a low surface AND both are connected to a pipe of some kind. High power can only "kill" you if you allow current to flow. A “pipe” can be anything that electricity can flow into, say, a telephone, or it can be your body.

Now, if you connect a small pipe to your high water tank, that pipe has high resistance to flow and you will only get a small squirt of water at the end. The flow rate, "currently" (also called for a reason), is small although the potential difference is high and that small current will not harm it.

If on the other hand you connect a large fat sluice pipe (with "low resistance") to that water tank, you will get a large flow rate and it will drop you to your feet.

So, go back to electricity. Voltage is not something that kills you, it is now. The reason why high voltages are dangerous is because they have great potential to kill you. There is no danger of the current unless you put yourself in the current position by connecting the world's highest energy (or something) with your body.

So 240V (here in the UK) is dangerous because it is connected to your body down to earth with resistance (say) 1,200 ohms or more will push the current 200mA for you enough to kill you. If you happen to be standing on a rubber mat, then you can escape because now the resistance on the road is high so it is currently low even though the voltage is the same.

On the other hand your USB phone charger probably emits about 1A (enough to kill you) but that is not dangerous because a) it passes through the cable and does not pass through you and b) because it is close. 5V therefore, if you plug it into your body resistance which is much higher than your phone, it will produce a small current (about 4mA or less) that will not hurt you at all.

So it is a deadly current but the electrical power is dangerous.

Having said that, birds can safely sit on top of power lines because even though those may be '000s of volts, the air gap resistance between them and the ground is never ending so there is no current flow (backwards. In my water simulation, the water tank is very high). but no pipe is connected to it, the bird is sitting on top with the tank).

I get to think about it about the height of the water and the pipes making it very clear to the average person.

DOL Starter controling Diagram

Direct On Line Motor Starter includes tracking MCCB, Contactor and overload relay for protection. An electromagnetic contactor that can be turned on is a thermal overload relay under error conditions.The contactor controls with the start and stop buttons, and the contact assistant on the contactor is used, across the first button, as a holder for contact. i.e. the power connector is turned off while the engine is running. Usually up to 5HP induction motor we choose the first DOL method.

Direct On Line Starter (DOL) Terms of Service:

To start, the contactor is closed, using a full line voltage on the motor stator windings. The motor will pull the highest inrush current for a very short time, the magnetic field of the metal, and the current will be limited to the Locked Rotor Current of the motor. The motor will improve the Locked Rotor Torque and start accelerating towards full speed.

As the engine speeds up, the current will start to decrease, but it will not slow down until the engine is at full speed, usually 85% of the corresponding speed. The first real current curve is the car design function, as well as the terminal voltage, and is completely independent of the car load.

The load on the motor will affect the time taken for the engine to accelerate at full speed and therefore the maximum duration of the initial current, but not the maximum initial current.

As long as the torque generated by the engine exceeds the torque of the load at all speeds during the first cycle, the engine will reach full speed.

Advantages of DOL Starter: -

1. These are the simplest types to begin with.

2. The most economical and cheapest launcher.

3. Maintenance costs are very low.

Disadvantages of DOL Starter: -

1. It pulls the highest inrush current at the start which is 6-8 times the engine limit which limits its use to motors of only 7.5 KW.

2. It will apply high thermal stress to cars which will reduce the life of the vehicles.

3. The current High Starting will lead to a voltage drop.

Air Conditioners with Inverter technology

The latest and most effective technology available on the market today is Inverter Technology for air conditioners. Inverter technology is designed in such a way that it can save 30-50% of the electricity (units used) over normal air conditioning.

How does the air conditioner work?

The air conditioner during the cooling process, takes indoor air, cools it by passing it to the evaporator and then throws it back into our operating room with indoor air. Along with the evaporator air conditioner it also has a compressor that presses gas (refrigerator) to AC to cool itself and cool the incoming indoor air from the chamber.

In standard air conditioner:

The compressor is off or on. When turned on, it works at full capacity and consumes the full power it is designed to use. When the thermostat reaches a temperature set at AC, the compressor stops and the fan (to AC) continues to operate. When the thermostat senses that the temperature is rising, the compressor starts again.

On Air Conditioner with Inverter technology:

Inverter technology acts as an accelerator in the car. When a compressor needs more power, it gives you more power. When it needs less energy, it gives less energy. With this technology, the compressor remains open, but draws less energy or more power depending on the temperature of the incoming air and the level set by the thermostat. The speed and power of the compressor are adjusted accordingly. This technology was developed in Japan and used there successfully in air conditioners and refrigerators. This technology is currently only available on separate air conditioners.

What are the benefits of Inverter Technology?

All air conditioners are designed for high loading. So 1.5ton AC is designed for a specific room size and 1 ton for a different size. But not all rooms are the same size. A standard 1.5ton air conditioner will always operate at high power requirements when the compressor is operating. An air conditioner with inverter technology will work continuously but will only absorb most of the energy needed to maintain the desired temperature. It therefore automatically adjusts its volume according to the requirements of the cooling room. So draw very little power and use smaller power units.

Although airconditioner with Inverter Technology adjusts its volume based on the needs of the room, it is very important to install the right amount of air in the room. Please make sure you check the room and air conditioner capacity before purchase. Keep an eye out for this space as we are in the process of making a comparison of energy saving on different air conditioners.

Are Inverter technology air conditioners slow to cool?

In comparison, inverter tech AC changes the flow rate of the refrigerator based on room temperature. When the temperature is low, the flow rate is low, when the temperature is high, the flow rate is high. And it does not always turn off the compressor. It simply ensures that when the temperature setting is 25, it is maintained at that level.

So the difference is: the non-inverter AC will cool down, while the inverter AC will cool down much better. And thus one may feel that the AC inverter is neither cool nor fast.

The lesser-known benefits of Inverter Technology

Ordinary engines require 3-4 times more current (over current performance) in the beginning. Therefore the size of the inverter / generator required to use any AC or Refrigerator is greatly increased. But Inverter Technology air conditioners and refrigerators with flexible speed engines that start slowly require very little performance at first. Therefore the size of the inverter / generator needed to start is small. For example. A fixed speed of 1.5 ton AC operating at about 10 Amp current may require up to 30 Amp current when starting as well as a 5 kVA inverter / generator. But the inverter technology Air Conditioner requires about 6-7 Amp current and not too much at first and thus a 1.5 kVA or 2 kVA inverter / generator is good enough to support it.

Normal motors have a very low power factor. In commercial and industrial connectivity there is a low power factor charge and a high power factor discount. The inverter technology engine will have a power factor close to the unit (or 1) which not only results in less power consumption but also helps to get discounts on a better power factor.

If you plan to use Solar PV air conditioner, it is best to use inverter technology air conditioner or refrigerator as it not only reduces the size of the PV panel because it consumes less electricity, and reduces the size of the inverter to integrate the PV panel .