lighting and Protection

ELECTRICAL SAFETY

Electric shock:

It can be described as a sudden and dangerous movement of the nervous system with electrical energy.

ELECTRICAL SHOCK YOU CAN FEEL AS A FOLLOWING: When the body becomes part of the circuit and the current flows in one place and then exits another point; possible -

With both wires of the electrical circuit

With a single wire of a strong circle and ground

 With a piece of metal that has heated itself by touching a strong wire.

Electric shock:

The magnitude of the electrical shock depends on -

The level of energy flow in the body.

The current approach to the body.

The length of time the body is in the ring.

Current frequency.

The stage of the heart cycle when shock occurs.

The physical and mental state of a person

HUMAN RESISTANCE:

REASONS FOR ELECTRICAL SHOCK:

Touching an empty live driver

Touching the improperly installed driver

Open / short circuit due to resource failure

Dry electricity

Lightning

The touch body of the live machine.

EARTH LEAKAGE CIRCUIT BREAKER (ELCB)

The Indian Electricity Regulations 1956 were amended in 1985 to include the use of the ELCB mandatory requirement of more than 5 KW of electrical load to accommodate power leaks that may cause shock.

 The key features of this ELCB are

It is currently in operation

It applies to the principle of core balance current transformer

It works even if it fails moderately.

Travel within 30 million seconds.

Free travel route - i.e. during the reset error is impossible and the trip even if forced to be held in the "ON" area.

Occupational health - more than 20,000 jobs to 63 A and more than 10,000 jobs for 80 A & 1OOAmps.

10 KA short circuit resistance. - Available up to 100A, 2 pole & 4 pole for sensitivity from 30 milli amps onwards. (100 A & 300 A sensitive materials are also available according to need.)

Voltage or current which is more dangerous

The difference between electricity and current is confusing for many people who do not have a background in electrical science / engineering. How many times have we heard the phrase “touch the cable with x volts running”, which discourages electrical engineers.

To understand the difference, consider water. The water itself is like an electric charger, which always does nothing but, if you lift it up to the top, it gets a potent power and wants to flow down; voltage is often referred to as power for a reason. You will only get a flow if you have a difference (possible), in other words a voltage, between a high water tank AND a low surface AND both are connected to a pipe of some kind. High power can only "kill" you if you allow current to flow. A “pipe” can be anything that electricity can flow into, say, a telephone, or it can be your body.

Now, if you connect a small pipe to your high water tank, that pipe has high resistance to flow and you will only get a small squirt of water at the end. The flow rate, "currently" (also called for a reason), is small although the potential difference is high and that small current will not harm it.

If on the other hand you connect a large fat sluice pipe (with "low resistance") to that water tank, you will get a large flow rate and it will drop you to your feet.

So, go back to electricity. Voltage is not something that kills you, it is now. The reason why high voltages are dangerous is because they have great potential to kill you. There is no danger of the current unless you put yourself in the current position by connecting the world's highest energy (or something) with your body.

So 240V (here in the UK) is dangerous because it is connected to your body down to earth with resistance (say) 1,200 ohms or more will push the current 200mA for you enough to kill you. If you happen to be standing on a rubber mat, then you can escape because now the resistance on the road is high so it is currently low even though the voltage is the same.

On the other hand your USB phone charger probably emits about 1A (enough to kill you) but that is not dangerous because a) it passes through the cable and does not pass through you and b) because it is close. 5V therefore, if you plug it into your body resistance which is much higher than your phone, it will produce a small current (about 4mA or less) that will not hurt you at all.

So it is a deadly current but the electrical power is dangerous.

Having said that, birds can safely sit on top of power lines because even though those may be '000s of volts, the air gap resistance between them and the ground is never ending so there is no current flow (backwards. In my water simulation, the water tank is very high). but no pipe is connected to it, the bird is sitting on top with the tank).

I get to think about it about the height of the water and the pipes making it very clear to the average person.

Tesla Coil

To make a Tesla Coil you need to know a basic point

We can only understand that the Tesla Coil is a circuit that produces high voltage, high frequency electromagnetic field and even a low DC source.

Slayer exciter is a very simple version of the tesla coil as the slayer exciter requires only certain basic components (transistor, resistor, core coil and secondary coil) and also does not produce much heat because it consumes less energy.

But in the case of Tesla Coil proper adjustment of the windings is required to match its resonant frequency, and uses a large amount of energy due to large sparks.

Now it comes to its operation

With the circuit closed the transistor begins to function as a switching device and this action produces a powerful pulse wave which is also connected to the main coil.

The cause of a high power output is a second coil with an air cable.

These steps describe how a high frequency, high voltage wave is formed.

So now the earth works as a ground (0 volts) and the free end of the second coil acts as a positive point, this setting acts as a ventilated Capacitor as a dielectric.

We can also connect the end of the second coil to any bare metal conductor (increasing the area of ​​the vertical plate).

Now as this function as a capacitor high voltage electric fields are produced on all plates.

When a CFL or any Flurocent Bulb is placed near a coil it cuts off the electric field and the particles inside the lights cheer up because of the field, and because of the excitement it hits the flexible walls and tsi up.

This is why CFL light only comes close to coil.

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Household Power Saver Woking

Household Power Saver

Low-energy home appliances have recently received a lot of attention from consumers and manufacturers. It is usually a small tool that should be connected to any AC sockets in the house (Especially near the Energy Meter) used in living rooms to save energy and reduce electricity bills. In addition, some companies claim to save energy by up to 40% of their energy.

Applicable Power Conservation Policy as per Performance

Power Saver is a tool that connects to a power socket. Obviously keeping the device connected will quickly reduce your power consumption. Typical savings claims are between 25% and 40%.

It is well known that the electricity that comes into our homes is not naturally stable. There are many variations, ups and downs, and surges / Spikes in this stream. The latter unstable cannot be used by any household appliances. In addition, current fluctuations waste energy from the circuit by converting electrical energy into thermal energy.

This heat energy not only damages the atmosphere, but it also damages electrical appliances and the cable circuit.

Power Saver keeps electricity inside using a capacitor system and delivers it smoothly to normal without spikes. The systems also automatically remove carbon from the circuit and promote a smooth flow of electricity. This means we will have less energy spikes. More electricity flowing around the circuit can be used to generate more electricity than before.

It is basically said that Power Savers operate on the principle of surgical protection technology. Power savers work in directing this volatile current to provide smooth and continuous output. Voltage fluctuations are unpredictable and cannot be controlled. Power savers use capacitors for this purpose. When there is an increase in power in the circuit, the energy storage capacitor retains the excess current and releases it when it suddenly drops. So only the smooth output from the device.

In addition, the energy reservoir also removes any type of carbon from the system, which facilitates more smooth flow. The main advantage of power savers is not that they provide a support system at low current times, but that they protect household items. It is well-known that the sudden rise of power can destroy electricity. Therefore, energy conservation not only protects the machine but also extends its life span. In addition, they reduce energy consumption as well as electricity bills.

The amount of energy stored by an energy reservoir depends on the amount of material used in the electrical circuit. Also, the system takes at least a week to fully adapt to the circuit, before it begins to show its high performance. High energy efficiency will be seen in areas where current volatility is very high.

To support the above statement we first need to understand three words:

1. Type of electrical load in the house,

2. Basic terminology (KW, KVA, KVAR).

3. The electricity company's electricity tax method for the home buyer and the consumer of the industry.

There are two types of load available in each house: one that can withstand lamps such as incandescent lamps, heaters etc. and other powerful or flexible ones such as ACs, refrigerators, computers, etc.

The strength factor of the Resistance Load such as a toaster or ordinary incandescent lamp is 1 (one). Devices with coils or capacitors (such as pumps, fans and ballast flashlights) - Active load has less than one power factor. If the power factor is less than 1, the current and voltage are out of phase. This is due to the energy being stored and discharged into inductors (car coil) or capacitors throughout the AC cycle (usually 50 or 60 times per second).

There are three words that need to be understood when working with alternating power (AC).

1. The First Term is a kilowatt (kW) and represents True Power. Real power can do the job. The use meters on the House side measure this value (Real Power) and the Energy Company charge for it.

2. The second term is active power, measured by KVAR. Unlike kW, it cannot do the job.Restay customers do not pay KVAR, and the meters used in homes do not record again.

3. The third term is the physical force, called KVA. By using multiple meters we can measure current and voltage and then re-read together we get the visible power in the VA.

 Power triangle

Power Factor = Real Power (Watts) / Visual Energy (VA)

Therefore, Real Power (Watts) = Visual Power × PF = Voltage × Ampere × PF.

Ideally PF = 1, or cohesive, in the application describes the pure and desirable energy consumption especially for Home Appliances (dispersed output power equal to the input power used).

In the above formula we can see that when the PF is less than 1, the amperes (current usage) of the machines increase, and the opposite verse.

With AC Resistive Load, the voltage stays in the current phase and produces a positive power factor equal to 1. However, with inductive or capacitive loads, the current waveform is delayed after the voltage waveform and is not in tandem. This is due to the natural structures of these devices to store and release energy through AC wave fluctuations, and this results in a completely distorted wave, reducing the amount of PF used.

The manufacturers claim that the above problem can be solved by installing a well-calculated inductor / capacitor network and changing it automatically and appropriately to correct this variability. The energy saving unit is designed specifically for this purpose. This adjustment is able to bring the level of PF closer to unity, thereby enhancing significant power significantly. Improved optical power will mean less CURRENT use of all household appliances.

So far everything looks fine, but what about the use of the above fix?

The Utility Bill We Pay is never based on Apparent Power (KVA) but based on Real Power (KW). The service bill we pay is never about Physical Power - it is Real Power.

By Reducing Current Consumption Does Not Reduce Home Consumer Energy Debts.

Home Conservation Energy Conservation Study

Let's try to study the Effective Home Electricity Load and the Voltage Spectrum feature for example.

1. Energy Conservation in Active Home Load

Let's Take One Example of Functional Load: Refrigerator with Real Rated Power of 100 watts of 220 V AC has PF = 0.6. Thus Power = Volt X Amplifier X P.F becomes 100 = 220 × A × 0.6 Therefore, A = 0.75 Ampere

Now let's say that after installing Power Conservation when PF is brought to about 0.9, the above result will now appear as follows: 100 = 220 × A × 0.9 And A = 0.5 Ampere

In the second statement clearly shows that the current consumption reduction is refrigerant, but interesting in both cases, Real Power remains the same, i.e. the refrigerator continues to use 100 watts, so the utility bill remains the same. This only proves that although the PF-made amendment to energy conservation may reduce the Amperage of electrical equipment, it will never reduce their energy consumption and the value of the Electricity Bill.

Active power is not a problem for Functional Load of household appliances such as A.C, Freeze, motor in its operation. It is a problem for an electric company if it charges only KW. If both customers use the same amount of real power but one has a power factor of 0.5, that customer also doubles the current. This current increase requires Power Company to use larger transformers, cables and related equipment.

Reimburseing these costs The Power Company has charged Chargers to industry customers for their low power supplies and has provided them with benefits when they upgrade their Power Factor internally. Residential customers (households) are not charged extra fees for their active capacity.

2. Energy Conservation in Resistant Home Load

Since the opposing load does not carry PF so there is no problem regarding Voltage and Curent filtering, So Power = Current Voltage X.

3. In the case of Voltage Spike / Flexible Household Flexibility

In the above discussion it simply proves that as long as the voltage and current do not change, the energy used will also remain unchanged. However, if there is an increase in electrical energy due to fluctuations, as described above your electrical appliances will be forced to use the same amount of energy. This becomes even more evident because the current, which is a function of voltage, also increases equally. However, this increase in power consumption will be negligible; The following simple statistics will prove this.

Consider a bulb that consumes 100 watts of 220 volts. This means that at 240 volts it will use about 109 watts of power. The increase is almost 9% and since such fluctuations are not uncommon, this number may be reduced to less than 1%, and that is negligible.

So the above discussions prove conclusively that energy conservation will never work and this idea is impossible.

What happens if Power Storage is installed?

Fig. Shows the effect of using the Power Saver. The air conditioner (with a large compressor motor) still consumes active energy but is supplied by a nearby capacitor (which is in those boxes "KVAR"). If you were to mount it on an air conditioner and turn it on with an air conditioner and mix the capacitor size properly, there would be no active force on the return line of the fuse panel.

If the cable between the panels of your fuse is too long and too low, lowering the current may result in cooling and high voltage in the air conditioner. This saving due to cooler cables is less.

What happens when Power Storage is installed

Another problem is that when you install a "KVAR" unit on a fuse panel, it does nothing to lose heat other than two meters of large wire between the fuse panel and the usage meter. Many KVAR units are sold as boxes that you place in one place.

Conclusion

Energy efficiency equipment improves energy quality but generally does not improve energy savings (meaning it will not reduce your energy bill). There are a number of reasons why their energy-saving claims may be exaggerated.

First, residential customers are not charged KVA - hourly usage, but by kilowatt-hour. This means that any savings on energy demand will not directly lead to a reduction in the residential service bill.

Second, the only real energy saving potential would be if the product was placed only near a circuit while active loading (such as an engine) was running, and removed from the circuit when the engine was not running. This does not happen, given that there are a few engines in a typical home that can come in at any time (refrigerator, air conditioner, HVAC spray, vacuum cleaner, etc.), but the Power Store itself is designed to be permanently connected, not supervised. house breaker panel.

And certainly not in the way that manufacturers recommend installing them, that is, permanently connecting them to the main panel. Doing so drains the capacitive factor of energy when inductive motors are turned off and can cause real problems with ringing voltages.

KVAR requires full size to measure inductive loads. Since our motors rotate and close and we do not use air conditioner in winter, there is no way to measure it properly unless we have something to monitor the line and turn it on and off the capacitors as needed.

Adding a capacitor can increase the voltage of the line to dangerous levels because it interacts with incoming power lines. Adding a capacitor to a line with harmonic frequencies (created by certain electronic devices) on it can cause unwanted noise and high waves.

In commercial environments, energy efficiency adjustments are rarely less expensive based on energy efficiency alone. The bulk of the cost of adjusting the power factor that can be supplied is in the form of avoided costs of the low power element.

Energy savings are usually less than 1% and remain less than 3% of the load, the highest percentage occurs when engines are a major component of the entire facility load. Energy saving alone does not make installation costs effective.

Control Panel APFC

Motor Control Circuit(MCC)